From Nursing: The
Finest Art: An Illustrated History 3rd Edition by M. Patricia
Donahue, Ph.D, RN, FAAN
·
The Origin of Nursing
o
Nursing as a separate occupation is not well
documented during this period. The following is generally known:
§
Midwives accepted as specialists to women in
childbirth
§
Children’s nurses given some distinction in some
cultures
§
Priestesses believed to have performed functions
that are now recognized as nursing functions
§
Men as well as women function as caregivers
§
Details of nursing principles and practices
given in ancient writings
§
Nurse, pharmacist, and physician recorded in
ancient Greek mythology
o
250 BC
§
World’s first nursing school founded in India,
but only men are considered “pure” enough to become nurses
·
Nursing in a Christian World
o
1-500
§
Rise of religious and social movements lead to
systemic development of nursing
§
Patients in large numbers cared for by
deaconesses, windows, Roman matrons, and other followers of Christ’s precepts
o
60
§
Phebe (Phoebe) credited as first visiting nurse
and deaconess
o
300
§
Parabolani Brotherhood founded
o
347-404
§
St. Paula establishes monasteries and a hospital
in Bethlehem
o
390
§
Fabiola establishes first free Christian
hospital in Rome
o
410
§
St. Marcella, considered first nurse educator,
dies
o
End of 6th Century
§
St.. Dymphna organizes plan for mentally ill and
retarded in Belgium
o
500-600
§
Monks and nuns serve as nurses
§
Nursing and charitable works develop in
monasteries under famous abbesses
o
500-1000
§
Feudal chivalry brings nursing careers to
highborn ladies outside of monasteries
o
700
§
Monastic nursing orders flourish
o
1000-1500
§
Midwives, not physicians, deliver infants
§
Rich period of nursing saints and mystics
o
1095
§
Antonines founded and devoted to sufferers of
“St. Anthony’s Fire”
o
1096-1272
§
Military nursing orders (Knights Hospitallers)
carry chief burden of nursing
o
C. 1100
§
The Beguines movement begins
o
1170-1221
§
St. Dominic establishes Order of Preachers and
other orders involved with nursing
o
1182-1226
§
St. Francis of Assisi establishes three
religious orders involved with nursing
o
1194-1253
§
St. Clare of Assisi, abbess of Poor Clares
o
1207-1231
§
St. Elizabeth of Hungry, patron saint of nursing
o
1244
§
Misericardia functions primarly as volunteer
ambulance society
o
1346-1381
§
St Catherine of Siena, hospital and visiting
nurse
o
1348
§
Alexian Brothers form to care for bubonic plague
victims
o
1400 Great extension of nursing by secular orders
occurs
·
Nursing in Transition
o
1538
§
Jean Ciudad (John of God) founded Brothers of
St. John of God in Spain
o
1550-1614
§
St. Camillus De Lellis founds Nursing Order of
Ministers of the Sick
o
1550-1850
§
“Dark Period of Nursing”
o
1576-1660
§
St. Vincent de Paul founds Dames de Charite
o
1633
§
Sisters of Charity founded
o
1634
§
St. Louise de Marillac becomes first Sister of
Charity of St. Vincent de Paul
o
1809
§
Mother Elizabeth Seton establishes Sisters of
Charity in America
o
1815
§
Mother Mary Aikenhead establishes order of Sister
of Charity in Ireland
o
1820-1910
§
Florence Nightingale, pioneer and founder of
modern nursing
o
1836
§
Deaconess Institute, Kaiserwerth, established
o
1840
§
Elizabeth Fry establishes Society of Protestant
Sisters of Charity as visiting nurses
o
1844
§
Dickens’Martin
Chuzzlewiti depicts nursing conditions through characters of Sairey Gamp
and Betsy Prig
o
1854-1856
§
Death rate of British Army reduced from 42% to
2% with nursing care
o
1857
§
Longfellow immortalizes Nightingale in poem Lady with a Lamp
o
1859
§
Notes on
Nursing published
o
1860
§
Nightingale training school for nurses opens at
St. Thomas Hospital, London
o
1861
§
Dorothea Dix appointed Superintendent of Female
Nurses of Union Army
o
1881
§
Clara Barton and associates establish the
American Red Cross
§
Institute of Midwives established in London
o
1886
§
The
Nightingale, first nursing journal, published
o
1893
§
Nightingale Pledge recited for the first time in
Detroit, MI
§
American Society of Superintendents of Training
Schools for Nursing is created
·
The Development of Nursing in America
o
1606-1673
§
Jeanne Mance, one of the most romantic figures
in Canadian nursing
o
1617
§
Maria Hubow, first woman to nurse in North
America
o
1639
§
Three Augustinian Sisters staff Hôtel
Dieu at Quebec
o
1657
§
Three hospital nuns of Society of St. Joseph de
la Flèche
staff Hôtel
Dieu in Montreal
o
1727
§
Ursuline Sisters arrive from France to nurse at
L’Hôspital
des Pauvres de la Charite in New Orleans
o
1739
§
Order of Grey Nuns becomes Canada’s first district
nurses
o
1774-1813
§
Mother Elizabeth Seton, first native-born
American canonized for charitable work
o
1797-1881
§
Sojourner Truth, early feminist and volunteer
Civil War nurse
o
1817-1901
§
Mother Bickerdyke, volunteer Civil War nurse
o
1820-1913
§
Harriet Tubman, abolitionist and volunteer Civil
War nurse
o
1821-1912
§
Clara Barton, volunteer Civil War nurse and
founder of American Red Cross
o
1839
§
Nurses Society of Philadelphia organized for
home maternity services
o
1862
§
Louisa May Alcott serves as a volunteer Civil
War nurse
§
Walt Whitman serves as a volunteer Civil War
nurse in Washington DC
o
1873
§
Linda Richards becomes America’s first trained
nurse
§
Bellevue, Connecticut, and Boston Training
Schools established
o
1874
§
St. Catharine’s, Ontario, begins nurse training
school
o
1876-1901
§
Clara Maass, nurse who gave her life to conquer
yellow fever
o
1879
§
Mary Eliza Mahoney becomes America’s first black
professional nurse
o
1886
§
Spelman Seminary in Atlanta establishes training
for black nurses
o
1889
§
John Hopkins Hospital Training School opens
§
Teachers College program for nurses established
·
Nurses During War
o
1901
§
Permanent Nurse Corps established as part of the
U.S. Army Medical Department
o
1908
§
U.S. Navy Nurse Corps founded as part of the
Navy
o
1910
§
Florence Nightingale dies
§
Isabel Hamptom Robb dies
o
1915
§
Edith Cavell shot before a German firing squad
o
1918
§
Vassar Training Camp established in U.S.
o
1920
§
Members of U.S. Army Nurse Corps granted
relative rank
o
1923
§
Goldmark report issued in U.S.
o
1932
§
Wier Report issued in Canada
o
1940
§
Nursing Council for National Defense instituted
in U.S.
o
1942
§
U.S. army and Navy nurses taken POW in
Philippines
o
1943
§
First class of Army flight nurses graduate
§
United States Cadet Nurse Corps created
o
1945
§
U.S. Army and Navy nurses released from Santo
Tomas civilian prison camp
§
Nurse POWs awarded Bronze Star
o
1947
§
Full commission rank established for nurses in
U.S. military service
o
1949
§
U.S. Air Force Nurse Corps established
o
1952
§
NLNE, NOPHN, and AACSN combine to establish the
National League for Nursing (NLN)
o
1954
§
Annie Goodrich, internationally know nurse, dies
o
1955
§
First men commissioned as nurses in U.S.
o
1966
§
Appointment of male nurses to regular Army,
Navy, and Air Force Nurse Corps in U.S.
·
Nursing in an Era of Change an Challenge
o
1920s
§
First doctoral programs in nursing education
(EdD) at Teachers College
o
1934
§
New York University begins PhD and EdD programs
in nursing
o
1950s
§
“Progressive patient care” set into motion
o
1950s-1970s
§
Emergence of nursing theoretical and conceptual
frameworks
o
1952
§
Dr. Hildegard Peplau publishes Interpersonal Relations in Nursing
o
1953
§
Team nursing introduced
o
1955
§
American Nurses’ Foundation established for
research grants to graduate nurses
o
1960s
§
Growth of specialization in nursing
o
1963
§
Loeb Center for Nursing and Rehabilitation established
at Montefiore Hospital
o
1965
§
The “nurse practitioner” introduced at the University
of Colorado
§
American Nurses Association position paper on
nursing education released
o
1969
§
American Association of Colleges of Nursing
established
o
1970s
§
Advent of primary nursing
o
1971
§
National Black Nurses Association established
§
M. Lucille Kinlein establishes herself as
independent practitioner
§
American Assembly for Men in Nursing organized
§
Florence Wald and associates found the U.S.
hospice movement
o
1973
§
American Academy of Nursing established
§
North American Nursing Diagnosis Association
(NANDA) formed
o
1975
§
ANA held formal ceremonies to honor first
certified nurses
o
1975-1980
§
Community Nursing Center (CNC) movement begins
o
1977
§
First undergraduate nursing informatics elective
at University of Buffalo
§
Computers in nursing course first emerged
o
1978
§
International
History of Nursing Society formed
o
1980
§
Nursing Case Management Model pioneered at New
England Medical Center, Boston
o
1983
§
International Council of Nurses adopts statement
on importance of human rights
o
1984
§
First AAHN Nursing History Conference
o
1985
§
Nursing Network on Violence Against Women,
International founded
§
Nursing Minimum Data Set (NMDS) developed
o
1986
§
National Center for Nursing Research (NCNR)
founded
o
1987
§
First Arista STTI think tank meeting held
o
1988
§
University of Maryland, College Park opens first
master’s level program in nursing informatics.
§
Sigma Theta tau becomes an international
organization
o
1989
§
International Classification of Nursing Practice
(ICNP) projects starts
o
1990
§
Term “evidence based” first used by David Eddy
§
Magnet Hospital Recognition Program for
Excellence in Nursing Services approved by ANA Board of Directors
§
Virginia Henderson International Nursing Library
established by STTI
o
1991
§
Brig Gen. Clara Adams Ender becomes first black
woman and nurse appointed commander general of a U.S. Army post
§
First Nursing Informatics doctoral program at
University of Maryland Baltimore
o
1992
§
International Nursing Center established by
American Nurses Association
§
Nursing
Interventions Classifications (NIC) published
§
State Senator Eddie Bernice Johnson elected to
U.S. House of Representatives, the first nurse (black or white) elected to
Congress
o
1993
§
NCNR receives status of institute: National
Institute of Nursing Research
o
1994
§
Barbara Fassbinder, RN, infected with HIV in
1986, dies
§
The Online
Journal of Knowledge Synthesis for Nursing created
o
1995
§
Nursing resources developed from Virginia
Henderson International Library moved to Internet
·
The Nursing Transformation
o
1996
§
Task Force on Doctoral Education formed
§
John A. Hartford Foundation Institute for
Geriatric Nursing established
§
ABC Codes for billing systems recognized by ANA
§
Arista 2: Nurses & Health: Healthy
People-Leaders in Partnership held
o
1997
§
National League for Nursing Accrediting
Commission (NLNAC) established
§
State funeral held in Calcutta India for Mother
Teresa
o
1998
§
Council on Accreditation of Nurse Anesthesia
Educational Programs require all programs to be at the graduate level
§
Evidence-based
Nursing journal launched by colleagues in the U.K. and Canada
o
1999
§
Elnora D. Daniel becomes first black nurse
elected president of a major university at Chicago State University
§
First practice doctoral program opened at the
University of Tennessee Health Science Center
§
The International Centre for Nursing Ethics
launched at the University of Surrey
·
A Global View of Nursing and Health Care
o
2006
§
TIGER Summit convenes
§
Essentials of Doctoral Education for Advanced
Nursing Practice is endorsed by AACN
§
International Centre for Human Resources in
Nursing (ICHRN) is established
o
2007
§
Johnson & Johnson Campaign for Nursing’s
Future relaunches
o
2008
§
The Essentials of Baccalaureate Education for
Professional Nursing Practice revised and approved by AACN
§
The World Health Organization Family of
International Classificaions (WHO-FICP) approves the addition of the
International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP) to the WHO-FIC as a
related terminology
o
2009
§
International Nurses Day focus is Delivering
Quality, Serving Communities: Nurses Leading Care Innovations
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